「聖經輔導學導論」課程要點摘錄
INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL COUNSELING
LECTURE
HIGHLIGHTS
林慈信牧師
（2004年6月3日，2008年1月12日增訂）
I．《聖經》輔導簡史Brief Historical Review of Biblical Counseling
1．
宗教改革，清教徒﹕「心靈的醫治」。Reformation,
Puritans: “the cure of souls.”
2．
世俗心理學的興起﹕19世紀末，20世紀。Rise
of secular psychology: late 19th century, 20th century.
3．
1950年代﹕世俗心理學進入教會。1950s:
Secular psychology enters the church.
4．
1960年代﹕進入福音派教會。1960s:
Enters the evangelical church.
5．
1970亞當斯，《成功的輔導》面世，創始《聖經》輔導運動。1970
Jay Adams, Competent to Counsel.
Launches Biblical (nouthetic) counseling movement.
6．
第二代《聖經》輔導運動﹕CCEF。2nd
generation: Christian Counseling and Educational Foundation.
John Bettler -> David Powlison, Paul Trip, Ed Welch.
7．
全國性組織。
Nation-wide
movement: National Association of Nouthetic Counselors.
II．《聖經》輔導的目標
The Goal of Biblical Counseling
1．
《聖經》輔導的目標，不是使人感覺舒服
(如佛洛伊德Freud:
equilibrium)。
The goal of biblical counseling is not the person feeling
better (e.g. Freud: equilibrium).
2．
《聖經》輔導的目標，也不是給人一個積極的自尊心
(positive self-esteem)。
The goal of biblical counseling is not a positive self-esteem.
3．
*《聖經》輔導的目標﹕助人過有紀律的生活，遵行上帝的話，結聖靈的果子。
The goal of biblical counseling is: a disciplined life,
obedience to God’s Word, and bearing the fruit of the Holy Spirit.
4．
*或說《聖經》輔導的目標是﹕助人有清潔無虧的良心（提前1﹕5）。
Or: The goal of biblical counseling is: a clean conscience (I
Tim. 1:5).
5．
《聖經》輔導是教會傳道事工的一種，是上帝話語的教導
(the ministry of teaching God’s Word)。徒20﹕20-31﹕或在家中（輔導），或在眾人前（講道）。
Biblical counseling is a form of the ministry of preaching/teaching God’s Word
in the church. Acts
20:20-31: at home (counseling), or for all (preaching).
6．
有人提出異議﹕《聖經》輔導與傳福音有何不同？這樣說，輔導只不過是傳福音？回答﹕這有什麼壞處？教會不傳福音
/
帶領人作基督徒，要作什麼？
Objection: If so, what’s the difference between biblical
counseling and evangelism? Are you
just doing evangelism? Answer:
What’s wrong with that? If the
church don’t witness to the gospel, and make disciples for Christ, what should
we be doing?
7．
以
「病人」
和人感受為中心
(client-centered) 的輔導，至終是自私和懶惰的。必需向人挑戰﹕不可憑感覺；生活的目標是順服上帝，建立自律，結果子。
Client-centered counseling is, in the final analysis, selfish
and lazy. We must challenge people:
do not depend on/feed on your feelings.
The goal in life is to obey God, and to build disciplined, fruit-bearing
lives.
III．世俗心理輔導專業﹕附批判
Helping
Professions
1．
精神科醫生Psychiatrist﹕是醫生，可以開藥。Physicians;
can prescribe medication.
2．
臨床心理學家
Clinical psychologist (Ph.D.)
﹕不可開藥。These
are not physicians.
3．
社會工作者
Social worker (M.S.W.)
。
4．
婚姻家庭輔導，治療者
Marriage and Family Therapist/Counselor
。
5．
各式心理治療者
All kinds of “therapists,” “counselors”
。
IV．心理學是上帝的啟示嗎？
Is Psychology God’s Revelation?
1．
Cornelius Van Til
范泰爾的批判﹕The
critique by Cornelius Van Til:
Authority of the Expert.
專家的權威不能凌駕在《聖經》以上。
The authority of the
expertise cannot, should not be above the Bible’s authority.
（例如﹕輔導時候可否用《聖經》，在乎這樣作是否符合心理輔導的原則；這種想法，事實上已經將心理學的專業理論凌駕《聖經》以上。）
Example:
the principle that: whether the Bible can be used in counseling sessions, depend
whether such use are in accord with sound psychological/counseling principles.
This kind of thinking, in effect, has placed psychology’s professional
expertise above the Bible as an authority above the Bible.
2．
文化（包括心理學）是什麼？不是神的普遍啟示，連影子都不是！心理學是人對上帝普遍啟示的回應。墮落的人，對上帝啟示的回應一定有錯誤，有所歪曲。
What is culture (including psychology)?
It is NOT God’s general revelation, not even a shadow of it!
Psychology is man (sinner)’s response to God’s general revelation.
As sinners, we will inevitably respond to God’s revelation in a twisted
and erroneous way.
V．誰能輔導？Who
Can Counsel?
1．
聖靈是輔導者﹕賽11﹕1-2。The
Holy Spirit is counselor: Isaiah 11:1-2.
2．
《羅馬書》15﹕14
–
基督徒都能勸戒，因有良善與知識
。
Competent
to Counsel.
Romans 15:14: Every Christian can counsel, because he/she has goodness and
knowledge. Every Christian is
“competent to counsel.”
3．
有基督徒特別有輔導的恩賜。羅12﹕8。
Some Christians have special gifts for counseling.
Romans 12:8.
4．
加拉太書6﹕2
–
基督徒必需輔導，挽回在罪中的人。Ready
to Restore.
Galatians 6:2: Christians must counsel and restore those who
have fallen into sin.
5．
特別是長老們，牧師傳道們，需要輔導。徒20﹕20，28，31。
Specially elders and pastors should counsel.
Acts 20:20, 28, 31.
VI．《聖經》輔導的對象
Who Should Receive Biblical Counseling?
1．
教會的信徒。教會若不強（內部腐爛），怎樣傳福音？
Christians. If the
church is not strong, and is “rotten inside,” how can she reach out?
2．
慕道朋友。為什麼不可以向他們進行《聖經》輔導？我們很多時候害怕世人不能接受福音，其實我們的懼怕常常使教會癱瘓
(paralyzed)！參
“歡迎，朋友”。
Non-believers. Why
shouldn’t/can’t we provide them with biblical counseling?
We are often so afraid that non-Christians would not receive the gospel.
Actually we become paralyzed by this fear!
Cf. “Welcome, friend” letter/brochure.
VII．聖經輔導學基本的原則（預設）﹕人是什麼？
(The Bible’s View of Man)
Basic Principles (Presuppositions) of Biblical counseling: What is Man?
1．
預設是不能用邏輯或科學證明，又是我們事先假設，相信的，很基本的信念。
Presuppositions are things we believe, and assume (presuppose).
These cannot be proven by science or logic.
(John Frame, Apologetics to the Glory of God, P&R.
Richard Pratt, Every Thought Captive, P&R.
www.prpbooks.com.
)
預設的同意詞，是「世界觀」
(worldview, or world and life view)。
A synonymn of “presupposition” would be worldview, or world
and life view.
例﹕人是誰/人是什麼？是神創造的，還是進化的？
E.g.: What is man?
Is man created by God, or evolved?
有神的形象，或像動物，僅是一堆欲望（如﹕佛洛伊德﹕生欲，死欲）？
Is man the image of God? Or just
like an animal, a bunch of desires/drives?
(e.g. Sigmund
Freud: eros and thanatos, the desire for life/sex, and desire for death?)
人的尊嚴何處來？來自神的形象？是自發的？
Where does man’s dignity come
from? From the image of God?
From inside himself?
究竟人
「自由」
嗎？人可離開上帝自主生活(autonomous)
嗎？
Is man really free?
Can man live independently, autonomous from God?
即﹕宇宙人生有那些範疇
(categories/contexts)，耶穌基督不管理，耶穌不是主？
In other words: Which categories/contexts in the universe are
free from the rule of Jesus Christ?
Is there any area in which Jesus is not Lord?
（羅傑斯﹕人趨向自主
– autonomy﹕合乎神的設計嗎？）
Carl Rogers: The self moves
toward autonomy: Is this God’s design?
「自由意志」
(free will)
的定義是什麼？
What is the definition of “free will”?
人須為自己的行為，言語，思想負責嗎？還是一個受害者？
Must man take responsibility
for his own behavior, words, thoughts?
Or is he just a victim?
人的問題從哪裏來？
Where do man’s problems come from?
從小時的傷害（父母，教師，宗教等）？
From injuries received in childhood/youth (parents, teachers,
religion)?
還是自己要為自己的罪負責？
Or does man need to take
responsibility of his own sins?
人的問題歸根到底是什麼？是罪？病？傷害？
What is the root/cause of man’s problems?
Is it sin? Sickness?
Injury?
如何解決人（輔導求助者）的問題？探索原生家庭所造成的傷害？
How to solve the problems of the counselee?
By exploring the injuries experienced by the person, from his
family of origin?
帶人到十字架，和神的話面前？
Do we bring people to the cross, to God’s word?
2．
《聖經》輔導學的人觀（預設）與心理學的人觀完全不同。
The biblical counseling
movement holds a radically different view of man (doctrine of man,
presuppositions) from the view of man adopted by secular psychology.
心理學的人觀有嚴重的錯誤。
There are serious errors in the view of man held by secular
psychology (schools).
我們並不懷疑，大部分的心理學家，動機都是幫助人。
We do not question the motives of most psychologists – they
intend to help people.
我們不需要懷疑，很多心理學家是虔誠的基督徒！
We also don’t doubt that many psychologists are devout
Christians.
這些因素並不保證他們的預設是合乎《聖經》的。
But these facts/factors do not guarantee that their
presuppositions are biblical.
3．
人觀包括﹕人是什麼？人的問題，需要在哪裏？如何解決人的問題？
A person’s “view of man” includes: what is man?
Wherein lie man’s needs and problems?
How to solve man’s problems?
4．
加爾文﹕認識上帝，認識人。要認識人，必需認識上帝，祂如何看待人。
Calvin talks about knowing God, and knowing man (ourselves).
In order to know man,
we must know God – we must know how God views man.
(John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Book 1, chapter 1.)
5．
《聖經》的人觀是﹕(a)
人是按照上帝的形象被造的，有（一）真理的知識（知），（二）仁義（意），和（三）聖潔的心（情）。亞當是（一）先知，（二）君王，（三）祭司。(b)
但人犯罪墮落了，知，意，情都歪曲了。(c)
重生的意義﹕（一）聖靈光照理智，認識真理；（二）聖靈克服意志，人降服在基督下，（三）感情跟著理智與意志，渴慕上帝，到十字架面前。這是具體的思維方式。
The Bible’s view of man is: (a) Man is created in the image of
God. At creation, man has knowledge
of truth (in his mind), righteousness (in his will), and holiness (in his
heart). Adam was prophet, king, and
priest. (b) But man sinned, and
mankind fell. Man’s mind, heart and
will are all depraved (twisted). (c)
The meaning of being born again (regeneration) is: (i) The Holy Spirit
enlightens the mind, so that man knows the truth.
(ii) The Holy Spirit overcomes the will, so that man surrenders under
Christ’s lordship. (iii) The heart
of man follows the mind and will, to thirst after God.
Man comes to the cross. This
would be “concrete thinking” about man.
6．
人最基本的需要不是被肯定，被愛，而是敬拜（約4﹕24）。有三種人﹕（一）以心靈與誠實敬拜；（二）不以真理敬拜真神；（三）敬奉假神偶像（羅1﹕25）。
Man’s most basic need is not to be affirmed, to be loved,
rather: it is the need to worship (John 4:24).
There are three kinds of people: (i) Those who worship the true God in
spirit and in truth. (ii) Those who
worship the true God in the wrong way.
(iii) Those who worship and serve false gods (idols, Romans 1:25).
7．
《聖經》要求人三樣事﹕（一）信靠，（二）悔改，（三）遵行上帝的話。
God demands three things from man: (i) faith, (ii) repentance,
(iii) obey God’s Word.
8．
解決人問題的方案，不外這三方面的立志與操練（使人歸正，教導人學義）。
Thus, the way to solve man’s problems, is none other than to
help man commit himself, and to discipline himself in these three areas (faith,
repentance, obedience) – In other words, the way to solve problems is through
“correction and training in righteousness.”
VIII．清教徒與輔導
The Puritans and Counseling
1．
清教徒成熟，我們這代信徒不成熟。The
Puritans were mature, we are not.
(巴刻J.I.
Packer, The Quest for Godliness.）
2．
為什麼我們不成熟？因為我們對神不認真。
Why are we not mature?
Because we are not serious enough about God.
（巴刻，《活在聖靈中》,
J.I. Packer, Keep in Step with the Spirit.參看「聖靈與聖潔」一章。Chapter
on “Holiness and the Holy Spirit.”）
3．
清教徒﹕一個牧養教會的運動。
Puritanism
was a
movement of pastors.
4．
清教徒牧師都從事輔導，稱之為靈魂的醫治。
Puritan pastors all engage in
counseling – they call it “the cure of souls.”
這方面的著作，最有名的是《天路歷程》；最完備的，是
Richard Baxter, A Christian Directory
(800+ pages, $45, Soli Deo Gloria)。
The most famous work on the cure of souls is
Pilgrims’ Progress.
The most comprehensive work is Richard Baxter’s
A Christian Directory (800+ pages).
5．
20世紀的例子﹕鍾馬田，《靈性低潮》
(Martin Lloyd-Jones, Spiritual Depression)。輔導的基礎是神的話，《聖經》的真理。
Example of 20th
century Puritan “cure of souls” would be Martyn Lloyd-Jones,
Spiritual Depression.
The foundation of counseling must be God’s Word, biblical truth.
6．
如何應用《聖經》在不同生活情況上。
Casuistry: cases of conscience: the art of applying Scripture
to various contexts in life.
7．
現代的心理學，是將《聖經》輔導歪曲，世俗化。
Modern psychology has twisted and secularized Biblical
counseling.
8．
清教徒與《聖經》輔導﹕律法主義？
Are
Puritans/Biblical Counselors Legalistic?
a.
律法主義
=
要求人遵守一些《聖經》沒有定下的規條。
What is legalism? It is to require
man to follow rules not laid down in the Bible.
b.
清教徒﹕回到《聖經》找上帝所吩咐的誡命。
The Puritans returned to the Bible to discover commands which God has laid down.
c.
另一極端﹕無律法主義，假自由意志的名義，縱容放縱情欲。
Another extreme is
lawlessness (anti-nomianism) – under the pretext of “free will,” allowing sin
and licentiousness.
IX．良心
Conscience
1．
清教徒對良心的定義﹕良心是人的理智作出道德判斷。
The Puritans’ definition:
Conscience is the mind of man passing moral judgment.
講義中第16-23課對問題的定義，都從思想開始。
Cf. Introduction to Biblical Counseling syllabus.
Biblical counseling defines all problems (worry, fear, anger, marital
problems, etc.) beginning with man’s mind.
2．
罪人良心的標準不合乎神的律法；因此，對得住良心還是對不住上帝；對不住良心也是神不喜悅的。因此，人需要重生，換心（結36﹕25-26，約3﹕3，5，8）。
The conscience of sinners do not have God’s law as the norm.
Therefore, when a conscience is clean to a person himself, it is not
acceptable to God. And if a person
has an uneasy (bad) conscience, it is not pleasing to God either.
Therefore, man needs to be regenerated – he needs a “heart change”(Ezek.
36:25-26; John 3:3, 5, 8).
3．
良心不可靠，必須學習。
Man’s
conscience is not infallible. Man’s
conscience needs to learn.
基督徒必需操練良心。學習上帝的道。良心由上帝的道與聖靈來管教。
The conscience needs to be discipline.
It needs to learn God’s Word.
The conscience needs to be
disciplined by God’s Word and the Holy Spirit.
X．《聖經》輔導的步驟
–
提後3﹕16
Steps in Biblical Counseling – II Timothy 3:16
1．
教導
–
神是怎麼樣的一位神，祂的吩咐是什麼。
Teaching: What kind of God is God?
What are God’s requirements/commands?
2．
督責
–
我們如何的犯了罪，得罪了神。
Reproof: How have we sinned and offended God?
3．
使人歸正
–
禱告悔改，立志改過。
Correction – bring people to pray, repent, and commit themselves to change.
4．
教導人學義
–
操練敬虔，有紀律的生活。
Training for righteousness – learn to be disciplined, godly in life.
XI．所謂「基督教心理輔導」對《聖經》輔導的批判
Critique of Biblical
Counseling (from so-called “Christian Counseling”)
1．
沒有愛心，不同情人，沒有同理心。（參﹕輔導七步驟。）
Biblical counselors are not loving, they have no empathy.
They don’t care about people.
2．
亞當斯不了解心理學。（亞當斯的自白﹕《聖靈的勸誡》﹕前言，第一章。）
Biblical counselors don’t know anything about psychology.
(Cf. Jay E. Adams’ sharing in his
Competent to Counsel, chapter 1.)
3．
《聖經》輔導者只指出人的罪（叫人焦慮更甚）。（人的需要是究竟什麼？）
Biblical counselors only point out people’s sin, so their
anxiety increases. (What is the need
of man?)
4．
《聖經》輔導沒有考慮到人身體上的因素。
Biblical
counseling doesn’t address man’s bodily factors.
（參基督徒醫生的著作，他們同時是《聖經》輔導員；如﹕
Cf. Books written by doctors who are also Biblical counselors:
Robert Smith, A Christian Counselor’s
Medical Desk Reference。）
XII．《聖經》輔導兩代
Two Generations of Nouthetic Counseling
1．亞當斯﹕開荒者。
Jay E. Adams, the pioneer.
2．CCEF﹕深入研究人的動機。(Walter
Chung,
「再談《聖經》輔導學」。)
Christian Counseling and Educational Foundation (www.ccef.org):
Analyzes motives in the heart.
XIII．
給人們的盼望
Give
People Hope: There is Hope
1．
人需要盼望，因為除起初面對的挫折，還因受了非《聖經》的輔導而失望或絕望。
People need hope because, in addition to the original setback in life, people
became more disappointed (even despair) because they received non-biblical
counseling.
2．
我們要給人盼望﹕但不要亂開支票﹕你丈夫不會跟你離婚的！（你我怎麼知道？）
We must give people hope: but let’s not write “blank checks,”
e.g.: “Your husband won’t divorce you!”
(How do you know he won’t?)
3．
真正的盼望﹕你有盼望，若願意按照上帝的話面對你的情況，不論你感受如何。
Real hope: We can say: “There is hope for you, if you are
willing to face your problems God’s way, regardless of how you feel.”
4．
林前10﹕13﹕（一）你不孤獨，你面對的問題不是過於人能擔當的。（二）上帝是不變的，信實的。（三）有盼望，有出路（若你願意按照祂的話來面對，回應你的問題，無論感受如何）。（四）出路不是逃避，乃是經過，忍受得著。
Hope from I Cor.10:13:
(i) You are not alone. The
problem(s) you face are not greater than what man can handle.
(ii) God is unchanging, faithful.
(iii) There is hope, there is a way out (if you are willing to face this
problem according to His Word – regardless of how you feel).
(iv) The way out is not to avoid the problem, but to go through it, to
endure it.
XIV．基督徒與非基督徒的不同
Is a Christian Different from a Non-Christian?
既然基督徒也會犯罪，那末，基督徒與非基督徒有什麼不一樣？
Since Christians also sin, what’s the difference between a
Christian and a non-Christian?
1．
重生的基督徒，會對自己的罪完全誠實面對。只有真正重生的基督徒才會。
A born again Christian (and only a born again Christian) is
honest about his sin.
2．
重生的基督徒，會懂得如何面對罪﹕他會到十字架面前。只有重生的基督徒才會。
A born again Christian (and only a born again Christian) knows
what to do with sin: he comes to the cross.
3．
重生的基督徒，在對付罪，勝過罪這事上，是有進步的。
A born again Christian makes progress out of sin.
XV．如何面對家庭背景，如何面對過去
Facing
Family Background, Facing Our Past
1．
我們要知道求助者的過去家庭背景，傷害等。可是每人必需為自己負責，如何面對過去。我們的過去與現在，都是上帝美好的安排，我們必需學習感恩。
We should understand the family background, and past injuries experienced by the
counselee. However, everyone must be
responsible for his/her own responses.
Our past and present is part of God’s wise providence.
We must learn how to give thanks to God.
2．
我們要為過去所犯的罪，少年的私欲，求上帝赦免。上帝必定在基督裏赦免我們的罪，這是祂的保證！
We should ask God to forgive us for the sins of our youth.
God will forgive us in Christ:
this is the guarantee of his Word.
3．
接受上帝的赦免之後，我們要為生命裏的疤痕感謝祂。疤痕（特別是回憶）不一定是懲罰；上帝不咒詛我們一生作次等公民！要從十字架的角度（恩典）來面對過去。基督徒生活肯定會有苦難；原因﹕一，我們生活在一個墮落的世界裏，罪一定帶來苦難；二，基督徒須要為主，為福音受苦；三，我們因別人犯罪而受苦；四，我們自己犯罪因此受苦。
After we receive God’s forgiveness, thank God for the scars in our lives.
Scars, especially our memory, may not be punishment from God – God does
not curse us to be second-class citizens
for life! View our past from the
perspective of the cross (grace). Christians will have suffering; there are
several reasons for this: 1. We do
live in a fallen world. Sin will
bring suffering. 2.
Christians will suffer for Christ, for the gospel.
3. We will suffer because of
someone else’s sin. 4.
We sin, therefore suffering comes upon us.
XVI．如何面對死亡
Facing Death
通常有六種面對死亡的方法﹕Usually,
people face death in one of six ways:
1．
否定對方已經去世。Denial:
denying that the loved one has died.
2． 憂傷以致憂鬱。不能正常�