「圣经辅导学导论」课程要点摘录
INTRODUCTION TO BIBLICAL COUNSELING
LECTURE
HIGHLIGHTS
林慈信牧师
（2004年6月3日，2008年1月12日增订）
I．《圣经》辅导简史Brief
Historical Review of Biblical Counseling
1．
宗教改革，清教徒：「心灵的医治」。Reformation,
Puritans: “the cure of souls.”
2．
世俗心理学的兴起：19世纪末，20世纪。Rise
of secular psychology: late 19th century, 20th century.
3．
1950年代：世俗心理学进入教会。1950s:
Secular psychology enters the church.
4．
1960年代：进入福音派教会。1960s:
Enters the evangelical church.
5．
1970亚当斯，《成功的辅导》面世，创始《圣经》辅导运动。1970
Jay Adams, Competent to Counsel.
Launches Biblical (nouthetic) counseling movement.
6．
第二代《圣经》辅导运动：CCEF。2nd
generation: Christian Counseling and Educational Foundation.
John Bettler -> David Powlison, Paul Trip, Ed Welch.
7．
全国性组织。
Nation-wide
movement: National Association of Nouthetic Counselors.
II．《圣经》辅导的目标
The Goal of Biblical Counseling
1．
《圣经》辅导的目标，不是使人感觉舒服
(如佛洛伊德Freud:
equilibrium)。
The goal of biblical counseling is not the person feeling
better (e.g. Freud: equilibrium).
2．
《圣经》辅导的目标，也不是给人一个积极的自尊心
(positive self-esteem)。
The goal of biblical counseling is not a positive self-esteem.
3．
*《圣经》辅导的目标：助人过有纪律的生活，遵行上帝的话，结圣灵的果子。
The goal of biblical counseling is: a disciplined life,
obedience to God’s Word, and bearing the fruit of the Holy Spirit.
4．
*或说《圣经》辅导的目标是：助人有清洁无亏的良心（提前1：5）。
Or: The goal of biblical counseling is: a clean conscience (I
Tim. 1:5).
5．
《圣经》辅导是教会传道事工的一种，是上帝话语的教导
(the ministry of teaching God’s Word)。徒20：20-31：或在家中（辅导），或在众人前（讲道）。
Biblical counseling is a form of the ministry of preaching/teaching God’s Word
in the church. Acts
20:20-31: at home (counseling), or for all (preaching).
6．
有人提出异议：《圣经》辅导与传福音有何不同？这样说，辅导只不过是传福音？回答：这有什么坏处？教会不传福音
/
带领人作基督徒，要作什么？
Objection: If so, what’s the difference between biblical
counseling and evangelism? Are you
just doing evangelism? Answer:
What’s wrong with that? If the
church don’t witness to the gospel, and make disciples for Christ, what should
we be doing?
7．
以
「病人」
和人感受为中心
(client-centered) 的辅导，至终是自私和懒惰的。必需向人挑战：不可凭感觉；生活的目标是顺服上帝，建立自律，结果子。
Client-centered counseling is, in the final analysis, selfish
and lazy. We must challenge people:
do not depend on/feed on your feelings.
The goal in life is to obey God, and to build disciplined, fruit-bearing
lives.
III．世俗心理辅导专业：附批判
Helping
Professions
1．
精神科医生Psychiatrist：是医生，可以开药。Physicians;
can prescribe medication.
2．
临床心理学家
Clinical psychologist (Ph.D.)
：不可开药。These
are not physicians.
3．
社会工作者
Social worker (M.S.W.)
。
4．
婚姻家庭辅导，治疗者
Marriage and Family Therapist/Counselor
。
5．
各式心理治疗者
All kinds of “therapists,” “counselors”
。
IV．心理学是上帝的启示吗？
Is Psychology God’s Revelation?
1．
Cornelius Van Til
范泰尔的批判：The
critique by Cornelius Van Til:
Authority of the Expert.
专家的权威不能凌驾在《圣经》以上。
The authority of the
expertise cannot, should not be above the Bible’s authority.
（例如：辅导时候可否用《圣经》，在乎这样作是否符合心理辅导的原则；这种想法，事实上已经将心理学的专业理论凌驾《圣经》以上。）
Example:
the principle that: whether the Bible can be used in counseling sessions, depend
whether such use are in accord with sound psychological/counseling principles.
This kind of thinking, in effect, has placed psychology’s professional
expertise above the Bible as an authority above the Bible.
2．
文化（包括心理学）是什么？不是神的普遍启示，连影子都不是！心理学是人对上帝普遍启示的回应。堕落的人，对上帝启示的回应一定有错误，有所歪曲。
What is culture (including psychology)?
It is NOT God’s general revelation, not even a shadow of it!
Psychology is man (sinner)’s response to God’s general revelation.
As sinners, we will inevitably respond to God’s revelation in a twisted
and erroneous way.
V．谁能辅导？Who
Can Counsel?
1．
圣灵是辅导者：赛11：1-2。The
Holy Spirit is counselor: Isaiah 11:1-2.
2．
《罗马书》15：14
–
基督徒都能劝戒，因有良善与知识
。
Competent
to Counsel.
Romans 15:14: Every Christian can counsel, because he/she has goodness and
knowledge. Every Christian is
“competent to counsel.”
3．
有基督徒特别有辅导的恩赐。罗12：8。
Some Christians have special gifts for counseling.
Romans 12:8.
4．
加拉太书6：2
–
基督徒必需辅导，挽回在罪中的人。Ready
to Restore.
Galatians 6:2: Christians must counsel and restore those who
have fallen into sin.
5．
特别是长老们，牧师传道们，需要辅导。徒20：20，28，31。
Specially elders and pastors should counsel.
Acts 20:20, 28, 31.
VI．《圣经》辅导的对象
Who Should Receive Biblical Counseling?
1．
教会的信徒。教会若不强（内部腐烂），怎样传福音？
Christians. If the
church is not strong, and is “rotten inside,” how can she reach out?
2．
慕道朋友。为什么不可以向他们进行《圣经》辅导？我们很多时候害怕世人不能接受福音，其实我们的惧怕常常使教会瘫痪
(paralyzed)！参
“欢迎，朋友”。
Non-believers. Why
shouldn’t/can’t we provide them with biblical counseling?
We are often so afraid that non-Christians would not receive the gospel.
Actually we become paralyzed by this fear!
Cf. “Welcome, friend” letter/brochure.
VII．圣经辅导学基本的原则（预设）：人是什么？
(The Bible’s View of Man)
Basic Principles (Presuppositions) of Biblical counseling: What is Man?
1．
预设是不能用逻辑或科学证明，又是我们事先假设，相信的，很基本的信念。
Presuppositions are things we believe, and assume (presuppose).
These cannot be proven by science or logic.
(John Frame, Apologetics to the Glory of God, P&R.
Richard Pratt, Every Thought Captive, P&R.
www.prpbooks.com.
)
预设的同意词，是「世界观」
(worldview, or world and life view)。
A synonymn of “presupposition” would be worldview, or world
and life view.
例：人是谁/人是什么？是神创造的，还是进化的？
E.g.: What is man?
Is man created by God, or evolved?
有神的形象，或像动物，仅是一堆欲望（如：佛洛伊德：生欲，死欲）？
Is man the image of God? Or just
like an animal, a bunch of desires/drives?
(e.g. Sigmund
Freud: eros and thanatos, the desire for life/sex, and desire for death?)
人的尊严何处来？来自神的形象？是自发的？
Where does man’s dignity come
from? From the image of God?
From inside himself?
究竟人
「自由」
吗？人可离开上帝自主生活(autonomous)
吗？
Is man really free?
Can man live independently, autonomous from God?
即：宇宙人生有那些范畴
(categories/contexts)，耶稣基督不管理，耶稣不是主？
In other words: Which categories/contexts in the universe are
free from the rule of Jesus Christ?
Is there any area in which Jesus is not Lord?
（罗杰斯：人趋向自主
– autonomy：合乎神的设计吗？）
Carl Rogers: The self moves
toward autonomy: Is this God’s design?
「自由意志」
(free will)
的定义是什么？
What is the definition of “free will”?
人须为自己的行为，言语，思想负责吗？还是一个受害者？
Must man take responsibility
for his own behavior, words, thoughts?
Or is he just a victim?
人的问题从哪里来？
Where do man’s problems come from?
从小时的伤害（父母，教师，宗教等）？
From injuries received in childhood/youth (parents, teachers,
religion)?
还是自己要为自己的罪负责？
Or does man need to take
responsibility of his own sins?
人的问题归根到底是什么？是罪？病？伤害？
What is the root/cause of man’s problems?
Is it sin? Sickness?
Injury?
如何解决人（辅导求助者）的问题？探索原生家庭所造成的伤害？
How to solve the problems of the counselee?
By exploring the injuries experienced by the person, from his
family of origin?
带人到十字架，和神的话面前？
Do we bring people to the cross, to God’s word?
2．
《圣经》辅导学的人观（预设）与心理学的人观完全不同。
The biblical counseling
movement holds a radically different view of man (doctrine of man,
presuppositions) from the view of man adopted by secular psychology.
心理学的人观有严重的错误。
There are serious errors in the view of man held by secular
psychology (schools).
我们并不怀疑，大部分的心理学家，动机都是帮助人。
We do not question the motives of most psychologists – they
intend to help people.
我们不需要怀疑，很多心理学家是虔诚的基督徒！
We also don’t doubt that many psychologists are devout
Christians.
这些因素并不保证他们的预设是合乎《圣经》的。
But these facts/factors do not guarantee that their
presuppositions are biblical.
3．
人观包括：人是什么？人的问题，需要在哪里？如何解决人的问题？
A person’s “view of man” includes: what is man?
Wherein lie man’s needs and problems?
How to solve man’s problems?
4．
加尔文：认识上帝，认识人。要认识人，必需认识上帝， 如何看待人。
Calvin talks about knowing God, and knowing man (ourselves).
In order to know man,
we must know God – we must know how God views man.
(John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Book 1, chapter 1.)
5．
《圣经》的人观是：(a)
人是按照上帝的形象被造的，有（一）真理的知识（知），（二）仁义（意），和（三）圣洁的心（情）。亚当是（一）先知，（二）君王，（三）祭司。(b)
但人犯罪堕落了，知，意，情都歪曲了。(c)
重生的意义：（一）圣灵光照理智，认识真理；（二）圣灵克服意志，人降服在基督下，（三）感情跟著理智与意志，渴慕上帝，到十字架面前。这是具体的思维方式。
The Bible’s view of man is: (a) Man is created in the image of
God. At creation, man has knowledge
of truth (in his mind), righteousness (in his will), and holiness (in his
heart). Adam was prophet, king, and
priest. (b) But man sinned, and
mankind fell. Man’s mind, heart and
will are all depraved (twisted). (c)
The meaning of being born again (regeneration) is: (i) The Holy Spirit
enlightens the mind, so that man knows the truth.
(ii) The Holy Spirit overcomes the will, so that man surrenders under
Christ’s lordship. (iii) The heart
of man follows the mind and will, to thirst after God.
Man comes to the cross. This
would be “concrete thinking” about man.
6．
人最基本的需要不是被肯定，被爱，而是敬拜（约4：24）。有三种人：（一）以心灵与诚实敬拜；（二）不以真理敬拜真神；（三）敬奉假神偶像（罗1：25）。
Man’s most basic need is not to be affirmed, to be loved,
rather: it is the need to worship (John 4:24).
There are three kinds of people: (i) Those who worship the true God in
spirit and in truth. (ii) Those who
worship the true God in the wrong way.
(iii) Those who worship and serve false gods (idols, Romans 1:25).
7．
《圣经》要求人三样事：（一）信靠，（二）悔改，（三）遵行上帝的话。
God demands three things from man: (i) faith, (ii) repentance,
(iii) obey God’s Word.
8．
解决人问题的方案，不外这三方面的立志与操练（使人归正，教导人学义）。
Thus, the way to solve man’s problems, is none other than to
help man commit himself, and to discipline himself in these three areas (faith,
repentance, obedience) – In other words, the way to solve problems is through
“correction and training in righteousness.”
VIII．清教徒与辅导
The Puritans and Counseling
1．
清教徒成熟，我们这代信徒不成熟。The
Puritans were mature, we are not.
(巴刻J.I.
Packer, The Quest for Godliness.）
2．
为什么我们不成熟？因为我们对神不认真。
Why are we not mature?
Because we are not serious enough about God.
（巴刻，《活在圣灵中》,
J.I. Packer, Keep in Step with the Spirit.参看「圣灵与圣洁」一章。Chapter
on “Holiness and the Holy Spirit.”）
3．
清教徒：一个牧养教会的运动。
Puritanism
was a
movement of pastors.
4．
清教徒牧师都从事辅导，称之为灵魂的医治。
Puritan pastors all engage in
counseling – they call it “the cure of souls.”
这方面的著作，最有名的是《天路历程》；最完备的，是
Richard Baxter, A Christian Directory
(800+ pages, $45, Soli Deo Gloria)。
The most famous work on the cure of souls is
Pilgrims’ Progress.
The most comprehensive work is Richard Baxter’s
A Christian Directory (800+ pages).
5．
20世纪的例子：钟马田，《灵性低潮》
(Martin Lloyd-Jones, Spiritual Depression)。辅导的基础是神的话，《圣经》的真理。
Example of 20th
century Puritan “cure of souls” would be Martyn Lloyd-Jones,
Spiritual Depression.
The foundation of counseling must be God’s Word, biblical truth.
6．
如何应用《圣经》在不同生活情况上。
Casuistry: cases of conscience: the art of applying Scripture
to various contexts in life.
7．
现代的心理学，是将《圣经》辅导歪曲，世俗化。
Modern psychology has twisted and secularized Biblical
counseling.
8．
清教徒与《圣经》辅导：律法主义？
Are
Puritans/Biblical Counselors Legalistic?
a.
律法主义
=
要求人遵守一些《圣经》没有定下的规条。
What is legalism? It is to require
man to follow rules not laid down in the Bible.
b.
清教徒：回到《圣经》找上帝所吩咐的诫命。
The Puritans returned to the Bible to discover commands which God has laid down.
c.
另一极端：无律法主义，假自由意志的名义，纵容放纵情欲。
Another extreme is
lawlessness (anti-nomianism) – under the pretext of “free will,” allowing sin
and licentiousness.
IX．良心
Conscience
1．
清教徒对良心的定义：良心是人的理智作出道德判断。
The Puritans’ definition:
Conscience is the mind of man passing moral judgment.
讲义中第16-23课对问题的定义，都从思想开始。
Cf. Introduction to Biblical Counseling syllabus.
Biblical counseling defines all problems (worry, fear, anger, marital
problems, etc.) beginning with man’s mind.
2．
罪人良心的标准不合乎神的律法；因此，对得住良心还是对不住上帝；对不住良心也是神不喜悦的。因此，人需要重生，换心（结36：25-26，约3：3，5，8）。
The conscience of sinners do not have God’s law as the norm.
Therefore, when a conscience is clean to a person himself, it is not
acceptable to God. And if a person
has an uneasy (bad) conscience, it is not pleasing to God either.
Therefore, man needs to be regenerated – he needs a “heart change”(Ezek.
36:25-26; John 3:3, 5, 8).
3．
良心不可靠，必须学习。
Man’s
conscience is not infallible. Man’s
conscience needs to learn.
基督徒必需操练良心。学习上帝的道。良心由上帝的道与圣灵来管教。
The conscience needs to be discipline.
It needs to learn God’s Word.
The conscience needs to be
disciplined by God’s Word and the Holy Spirit.
X．《圣经》辅导的步骤
–
提后3：16
Steps in Biblical Counseling – II Timothy 3:16
1．
教导
–
神是怎么样的一位神， 的吩咐是什么。
Teaching: What kind of God is God?
What are God’s requirements/commands?
2．
督责
–
我们如何的犯了罪，得罪了神。
Reproof: How have we sinned and offended God?
3．
使人归正
–
祷告悔改，立志改过。
Correction – bring people to pray, repent, and commit themselves to change.
4．
教导人学义
–
操练敬虔，有纪律的生活。
Training for righteousness – learn to be disciplined, godly in life.
XI．所谓「基督教心理辅导」对《圣经》辅导的批判
Critique of Biblical
Counseling (from so-called “Christian Counseling”)
1．
没有爱心，不同情人，没有同理心。（参：辅导七步骤。）
Biblical counselors are not loving, they have no empathy.
They don’t care about people.
2．
亚当斯不了解心理学。（亚当斯的自白：《圣灵的劝诫》：前言，第一章。）
Biblical counselors don’t know anything about psychology.
(Cf. Jay E. Adams’ sharing in his
Competent to Counsel, chapter 1.)
3．
《圣经》辅导者只指出人的罪（叫人焦虑更甚）。（人的需要是究竟什么？）
Biblical counselors only point out people’s sin, so their
anxiety increases. (What is the need
of man?)
4．
《圣经》辅导没有考虑到人身体上的因素。
Biblical
counseling doesn’t address man’s bodily factors.
（参基督徒医生的著作，他们同时是《圣经》辅导员；如：
Cf. Books written by doctors who are also Biblical counselors:
Robert Smith, A Christian Counselor’s
Medical Desk Reference。）
XII．《圣经》辅导两代
Two Generations of Nouthetic Counseling
1．亚当斯：开荒者。
Jay E. Adams, the pioneer.
2．CCEF：深入研究人的动机。(Walter
Chung,
「再谈《圣经》辅导学」。)
Christian Counseling and Educational Foundation (www.ccef.org):
Analyzes motives in the heart.
XIII．
给人们的盼望
Give
People Hope: There is Hope
1．
人需要盼望，因为除起初面对的挫折，还因受了非《圣经》的辅导而失望或绝望。
People need hope because, in addition to the original setback in life, people
became more disappointed (even despair) because they received non-biblical
counseling.
2．
我们要给人盼望：但不要乱开支票：你丈夫不会跟你离婚的！（你我怎么知道？）
We must give people hope: but let’s not write “blank checks,”
e.g.: “Your husband won’t divorce you!”
(How do you know he won’t?)
3．
真正的盼望：你有盼望，若愿意按照上帝的话面对你的情况，不论你感受如何。
Real hope: We can say: “There is hope for you, if you are
willing to face your problems God’s way, regardless of how you feel.”
4．
林前10：13：（一）你不孤独，你面对的问题不是过于人能担当的。（二）上帝是不变的，信实的。（三）有盼望，有出路（若你愿意按照 的话来面对，回应你的问题，无论感受如何）。（四）出路不是逃避，乃是经过，忍受得著。
Hope from I Cor.10:13:
(i) You are not alone. The
problem(s) you face are not greater than what man can handle.
(ii) God is unchanging, faithful.
(iii) There is hope, there is a way out (if you are willing to face this
problem according to His Word – regardless of how you feel).
(iv) The way out is not to avoid the problem, but to go through it, to
endure it.
XIV．基督徒与非基督徒的不同
Is a Christian Different from a Non-Christian?
既然基督徒也会犯罪，那末，基督徒与非基督徒有什么不一样？
Since Christians also sin, what’s the difference between a
Christian and a non-Christian?
1．
重生的基督徒，会对自己的罪完全诚实面对。只有真正重生的基督徒才会。
A born again Christian (and only a born again Christian) is
honest about his sin.
2．
重生的基督徒，会懂得如何面对罪：他会到十字架面前。只有重生的基督徒才会。
A born again Christian (and only a born again Christian) knows
what to do with sin: he comes to the cross.
3．
重生的基督徒，在对付罪，胜过罪这事上，是有进步的。
A born again Christian makes progress out of sin.